“Maximum call stack size exceeded” in 7.12.7

Bug Report

• I would like to work on a fix!

Originally reported by @ehoogeveen in #12383 (comment). I managed to create a way smaller example which reproduces the bug.
I’m opening a new issue because I believe it’s not related to #12383.

Current behavior

RangeError: /home/nicolo/Documenti/dev/babel-bugs/issue-12383/d3.js: Maximum call stack size exceeded
    at NodePath.get (/home/nicolo/Documenti/dev/babel-bugs/issue-12383/node_modules/@babel/traverse/lib/path/family.js:181:13)
    at NodePath._resolve (/home/nicolo/Documenti/dev/babel-bugs/issue-12383/node_modules/@babel/traverse/lib/path/introspection.js:316:14)
    at NodePath.resolve (/home/nicolo/Documenti/dev/babel-bugs/issue-12383/node_modules/@babel/traverse/lib/path/introspection.js:307:15)
    at /home/nicolo/Documenti/dev/babel-bugs/issue-12383/node_modules/@babel/traverse/lib/path/inference/inferer-reference.js:72:27
    at Array.filter (<anonymous>)
    at getConstantViolationsBefore (/home/nicolo/Documenti/dev/babel-bugs/issue-12383/node_modules/@babel/traverse/lib/path/inference/inferer-reference.js:71:21)
    at getTypeAnnotationBindingConstantViolations (/home/nicolo/Documenti/dev/babel-bugs/issue-12383/node_modules/@babel/traverse/lib/path/inference/inferer-reference.js:36:28)
    at NodePath._default (/home/nicolo/Documenti/dev/babel-bugs/issue-12383/node_modules/@babel/traverse/lib/path/inference/inferer-reference.js:22:14)
    at NodePath._getTypeAnnotation (/home/nicolo/Documenti/dev/babel-bugs/issue-12383/node_modules/@babel/traverse/lib/path/inference/index.js:59:20)
    at NodePath.getTypeAnnotation (/home/nicolo/Documenti/dev/babel-bugs/issue-12383/node_modules/@babel/traverse/lib/path/inference/index.js:23:19) {
  code: 'BABEL_TRANSFORM_ERROR'
}

Input Code

function test() {
  var b, c;

  do {
    c = 1;
    b = c;
  } while (false);

  c = b;
  c !== b;
}

Expected behavior

It shouldn’t crash

Babel Configuration (babel.config.js, .babelrc, package.json#babel, cli command, .eslintrc)

• Filename: babel.config.json

{
  "plugins": [
    "babel-plugin-transform-simplify-comparison-operators"
  ]
}

Environment

• Babel version(s): [e.g. v6.0.0, v7.0.0-beta.34]
• Node/npm version: [e.g. Node 8/npm 5]
• OS: [e.g. OSX 10.13.4, Windows 10]
• Monorepo: [e.g. yes/no/Lerna]
• How you are using Babel: [e.g. cli, register, loader]

Possible Solution

Additional context